Mangrove Forest Landcover Changes in Coastal Vietnam: A Case Study from 1973 to 2020 in Thanh Hoa and Nghe An Provinces

Mangrove forests can ameliorate the impacts of typhoons and storms, but their extent is threatened by coastal development. The northern coast Vietnam especially vulnerable as frequently hit it during monsoon season. However, temporal change information in mangrove cover distribution this region incomplete. Therefore, study was undertaken to detect spatial mangroves Thanh Hoa Nghe An provinces identify reasons for change. Landsat satellite images from 1973 2020 were analyzed using NDVI method combined with visual interpretation area Six LULC classes categorized: forest, other forests, aquaculture, land use, mudflat, water. province estimated be 66.5 ha increased 323.0 2020. 366.1 1973, decreased 61.7 1995, rose 791.1 Aquaculture main reason loss both provinces. Overall, percentage aquaculture 42.5% 60.1% province. restoration efforts have contributed significantly cover, more than 1300 being planted This reveals that improving success remains a challenge these provinces, further refinement engineering techniques needed improve outcomes.